Comprehensive lab testing to understand what is really going on in your body

CRP is produced by the liver and released in the bloodstream a few hours following tissue injury or inflammation.

Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the bloodstream, formed when the body converts excess calories, into storage fats. They are broken down when needed as an energy source, but high levels can contribute to atherosclerosis and increased risk of cardiovascular issues.

Total cholesterol represents the combined cholesterol content in your blood, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It plays a crucial role in hormone production and cell membrane integrity. Excessive levels have been linked to decreased heart health. Nevertheless, it is also important to consider the type of cholesterol particles, rather than focusing solely on total cholesterol.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol and other fats through the bloodstream and is often termed “bad” cholesterol. LDL can exist in different particle sizes, some large and buoyant, others small and dense. Emerging research points to small dense particles as more strongly associated with cardiovascular issues. Thus, LDL should be considered within the context of other heart health biomarkers.

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is often referred to as the “good” cholesterol, due to its role in transporting excess cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver for removal or reutilization. By helping to clear cholesterol from the bloodstream, HDL is protective against plaque buildup in the arteries.

Lp(a) is an LDL-like particle with an extra protein tail called apolipoprotein(a). Your genes set its level at birth; lifestyle has little effect on the baseline. Knowing Lp(a) levels helps set more strict parameters for an individual's heart health profile.

Apo-B is the main protein found within cholesterol-carrying molecules, also known as lipoproteins. But most importantly, it is a component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is a carrier molecule also known as “bad” cholesterol as it transports cholesterol from the liver to the body for utilisation.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood test that measures very low levels of C-reactive protein, a substance produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Because it can detect subtle changes, hs-CRP is often used as a marker for low-grade inflammation associated with cardiovascular risk.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol and other fats through the bloodstream and is often termed “bad” cholesterol. LDL can exist in different particle sizes, some large and buoyant, others small and dense. Emerging research points to small dense particles as more strongly associated with cardiovascular issues. They can oxidize more easily than regular LDL, and invade arterial walls.

Apo-B is the main protein found within cholesterol-carrying molecules, also known as lipoproteins. But most importantly, it is a component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is a carrier molecule also known as “bad” cholesterol as it transports cholesterol from the liver to the body for utilisation. A ratio above 1.2 has been linked to improved cardiovascular health while a ratio under 1.2 has been linked to decreased heart health.

The TG:HDL-C ratio is calculated by dividing triglyceride (TG) levels with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. It’s often viewed as a marker of overall cardiovascular and metabolic status, with relevance to insulin sensitivity.

Measures the ratio of total cholesterol levels to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL).

The ESC SCORE2 (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2) is a cardiovascular risk assessment tool developed by the European Society of Cardiology. It estimates the 10-year risk of first-time fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (such as heart attack and stroke) in apparently healthy individuals. Unlike the original SCORE, SCORE2 incorporates both fatal and non-fatal outcomes and has been recalibrated for contemporary European populations. Our platform reproduces the ESC score based on the original research publication - any differences between the ESC calculator and our score are due to post-research modifications. "SCORE2 evaluates the combined impact of key risk factors including: • Age • Sex • Smoking status • Systolic blood pressure • Non-HDL cholesterol (or total cholesterol) The result is a percentage estimate of your 10-year risk of a first cardiovascular event. This helps determine baseline cardiovascular risk and guide preventive interventions. Disclaimer: Kyma does not provide medical advice or prescribe medication. If your score is high it is recommended that you consult your primary care physician for further guidance

Free thyroxine (Free T4) is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is the unbound form of thyroxine, meaning it is not attached to transport proteins. Because it is “free,” it’s able to enter cells and directly influence metabolic processes throughout the body. T4 is converted into the more active triiodothyronine (T3), which further regulates metabolism and energy use.

Free T3 (triiodothyronine) is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is also directly produced by the breakdown of T4. It is the most active form of thyroid hormone, unbound by proteins and therefore readily available to enter cells and regulate metabolic processes. Free T3 helps control energy expenditure, temperature regulation, and several aspects of metabolism.

Anti-TPO are antibodies that target the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, essential for making thyroid hormones. They are the most common marker of autoimmune thyroid disease.

Anti-TG are immune proteins that target thyroglobulin, a building block of thyroid hormones. They show the immune system is attacking the thyroid.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland to regulate thyroid hormone levels (T3 and T4). When thyroid hormone levels drop, TSH increases to prompt the thyroid to produce more T4 and T3, helping maintain the body’s metabolism, energy balance, and temperature regulation.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands (four small glands located behind the thyroid). Its main job is to regulate calcium levels in the blood by prompting bones to release calcium, helping the kidneys conserve calcium, and activating vitamin D. The role of vitamin D is to assist in calcium absorption from the gut.

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver, though it also exists in smaller amounts in other tissues. It plays an important role in amino acid metabolism. When liver cells are damaged, ALT can leak into the bloodstream, making serum ALT levels a useful marker for liver health.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, produced primarily by the liver. It serves multiple roles, such as maintaining oncotic pressure (helping keep fluid in the bloodstream), transporting various substances (like hormones, fatty acids, and medications), and acting as an antioxidant.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme present in various tissues throughout the body, with especially high concentrations in the liver, biliary tract, and bone.

Aspartate Transaminase (AST) is an enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism and energy production. It is primarily found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, and, to a lesser extent, other tissues. When AST-containing organs are damaged, the enzyme can leak into the bloodstream, which is why blood tests measure AST as a marker of tissue injury.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment released when red blood cells break down. The liver processes bilirubin and helps excrete it through bile.

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme concentrated in the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas. It plays a key role in glutathione metabolism, helping the body manage oxidative stress. When liver cells are damaged, GGT is released into the bloodstream.

Globulin refers to a broad class of proteins in the blood plasma. This group includes various transport proteins, enzymes, and immunoglobulins (antibodies), all playing important roles in immune defence, nutrient transport, and other key functions.

Total protein measures the sum of all proteins in the bloodstream, primarily albumin and globulins. It provides an estimation of nutritional status, liver function, and immune health. If total protein is high or low, it can sometimes hint at conditions ranging from chronic inflammation or infection to malnutrition or liver stress.

The A/G ratio compares albumin and globulin proteins in the blood. Albumin is made by the liver and helps balance fluids and carry hormones and fats. Globulins include antibodies, enzymes, and other transport proteins. The A/G ratio shows how these two protein groups relate to each other in the bloodstream. This ratio determines overall protein balance and can offer insights into liver function, immune status, and nutritional health.

Hematocrit (Hct) measures the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in your total blood volume.

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen to tissues. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) indicates the average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) measures the average concentration of hemoglobin inside each red blood cell (RBC). MCHC, used with MCV and MCH, distinguishes iron deficiency from B12, or folate deficiency.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicates the average size of red blood cells.

Nucleated Red Blood Cells (NRBCs) are immature red blood cells that still contain a nucleus. Normally, these cells mature in the bone marrow and lose their nucleus before entering the bloodstream. NRBCs are usually absent in the peripheral blood of healthy adults and are typically only found in the bloodstream of fetuses and newborns.

Platelet count measures the number of platelets in your blood. Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are small, cell-like fragments in the blood that play a key role in forming clots and stopping bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets stick to the injured area and to each other, creating a temporary “plug” that helps seal the leak until a more stable clot forms. By aiding in wound repair, they help maintain normal circulation and prevent excessive blood loss.

Red blood cell (RBC) count measures how many red blood cells are circulating in a given volume of blood.

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the immune system and more specifically in allergic responses. They contain granules filled with histamine and other mediators.

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the immune system and more specifically in allergic responses. They contain granules filled with histamine and other mediators.

Eosinophils are involved in the body’s immune response, especially against parasites and in allergic reactions, releasing enzymes and cytokines that help fight off threats.

Eosinophils are involved in the body’s immune response, especially against parasites and in allergic reactions, releasing enzymes and cytokines that help fight off threats.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) measures how quickly red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle at the bottom of a test tube over a designated period. The faster they sink, the higher the ESR value.

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that play central roles in the immune system. They include T cells, which coordinate immune responses; B cells, which produce antibodies, and NK cells, which can destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells. Together, these cells help the body recognize and neutralize foreign invaders.

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that play central roles in the immune system. They include T cells, which coordinate immune responses; B cells, which produce antibodies, and NK cells, which can destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells. Together, these cells help the body recognize and neutralize foreign invaders.

Monocytes are cells of the immune system that are derived from the bone marrow and are the first line of defense against pathogens. They form a critical link between the basic immune system and the adaptive, more specific immune system.

Monocytes are cells of the immune system that are derived from the bone marrow and are the first line of defense against pathogens. They form a critical link between the basic immune system and the adaptive, more specific immune system.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell, and a key part of the body’s first-line defence against infections. These cells rapidly respond to bacterial and fungal pathogens, engulfing and breaking them down. Their quick action helps control invading microbes before other immune cells (like lymphocytes or monocytes) mobilize.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell, and a key part of the body’s first-line defence against infections. These cells rapidly respond to bacterial and fungal pathogens, engulfing and breaking them down. Their quick action helps control invading microbes before other immune cells (like lymphocytes or monocytes) mobilize.

White cell count (WBC count) measures the total number of white blood cells in the bloodstream. These cells are integral to the immune system, protecting against infections and aiding in tissue repair. Common types of white blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each playing distinct roles in immune defense.

Lipase is an enzyme from the pancreas that breaks down fats into smaller molecules your body can absorb.

This is the form of amylase made in the pancreas. It helps digest starches into sugars you can absorb.

IgE is an antibody that helps protect against parasites and drives allergic reactions in the airways, skin, and gut.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment released when red blood cells break down. The liver processes bilirubin and helps excrete it through bile.

This test assesses the presence of glucose in the urine. Normally, the kidneys reabsorb all glucose and none is detected in the urine.

Ketones are a product of the liver when the body is burning fat for fuel

Certain common urinary bacteria convert dietary nitrate into nitrite; a positive test detects this reaction.

Urine pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of urine, while specific gravity assesses its concentration, reflecting how well the kidneys are balancing water and excreting waste.

Proteinuria is the presence of albumin and other proteins in urine.

Urine red blood cells (RBCs) are red blood cells that appear in the urine. Normally, the kidneys prevent RBCs from entering urine, so their presence in a urinalysis typically signals a disruption in the filtration barrier or another issue along the urinary tract.

Urobilinogen is formed in the intestines as bacteria act on bilirubin, with some urobilinogen excreted in the urine and some in the stool.

White cell count (WBC count) measures the total number of white blood cells in the bloodstream. These cells are integral to the immune system, protecting against infections and aiding in tissue repair. Common types of white blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each playing distinct roles in immune defense.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or low blood sugar. Also known as the “stress hormone,” it helps regulate various processes in the body, including metabolism, immune function, and the body’s response to stress.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a hormone produced mainly by the adrenal glands and is the sulfated form of DHEA, a precursor to other sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone. It circulates at higher levels than most other steroid hormones, making it a useful marker of overall adrenal function and hormone balance.

Estradiol is the most potent and abundant form of estrogen in women. Produced primarily by the ovaries (and in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and other tissues), it is essential for regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting reproductive health. Men also produce estradiol in lower quantities, where it contributes to bone density, libido, and overall hormonal balance.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a key hormone released by the pituitary gland. In women, FSH promotes the development of ovarian follicles and regulates the menstrual cycle, while in men, it supports sperm production and healthy testicular function.

Progesterone is a hormone produced predominantly by female ovaries, but it is also synthesized in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands in both sexes. While best known for its role in regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting early pregnancy, progesterone helps balance other hormones like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone, in both women and men.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, LH triggers ovulation and supports the menstrual cycle. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, which influences sperm production, muscle mass, bone density, and libido.

Free testosterone is the fraction of testosterone not bound to transport proteins like sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. Because it’s unbound, free testosterone is more readily available for the body’s tissues and thus considered the most “active” form.

Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced by the liver. It binds to sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen, regulating how much of these hormones remain “free” and active in the bloodstream. By controlling hormone availability, SHBG plays a central role in maintaining hormonal balance for both men and women.

Total testosterone is the sum of all circulating testosterone in the body, including bound and unbound.

Calcium is a mineral needed for strong bones and teeth, as well as a cofactor in numerous enzymes that support muscle movement, nerve function, and blood clotting.

Corrected calcium is a calculation used to estimate a person’s “true” calcium level by adjusting for albumin. Since a significant portion of calcium in the blood binds to albumin, low albumin can make total calcium measurements appear deceptively low. Corrected calcium provides a more accurate assessment.

Folate (vitamin B9) is a water-soluble B vitamin.

Homocysteine is an amino acid produced when the body breaks down methionine as part of the process of methylation.

Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in hundreds of biochemical reactions, including energy production, nerve transmission, and muscle function. When measured in red blood cells (RBCs), it reflects the mineral’s status within cells, providing a more accurate picture of total-body magnesium than a standard serum magnesium test.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin primarily found in animal-based foods like red meat, organ meats, fish, eggs, and dairy. It’s essential for red blood cell production, proper nerve function, and DNA synthesis.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient that is produced mostly when the skin is exposed to sunlight.

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats the body cannot make on its own. They contribute to fluid cell membranes, hormone-like signalling, and various metabolic processes.The most notable omega-3s, EPA and DHA, are primarily found in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines, whereas ALA appears in plant sources such as flaxseeds and walnuts.

Omega-6 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fats found in foods like certain vegetable oils (soybean, corn), nuts, and seeds.

The Omega-3 to Omega-6 ratio measures how much of each type of polyunsaturated fat is present in your diet. Historically, humans consumed roughly equal amounts of omega-3 and omega-6 (somewhere around 1:1 to 2:1). Modern diets, especially those high in processed seed oils (like soybean or corn), often tilt toward a higher omega-6 intake, sometimes reaching 15:1 or more.

Iron is a crucial mineral involved in producing hemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen). It is also essential in supporting enzymes that drive metabolism and DNA synthesis.

TIBC reflects how much iron-carrying capacity remains on transferrin, the blood protein that transports iron.

Transferrin is a liver-made protein that binds iron in the bloodstream and delivers it to the bone marrow for red-blood-cell production.

Shows how many transferrin molecules are already carrying iron.

Ferritin is a protein that stores and releases iron within cells, acting as a key regulator of iron availability in the body. Ferritin levels are an indirect marker of total body iron stores.

Fasting blood glucose (FBG) measures your blood sugar level after not eating for about 8–12 hours. It provides a snapshot of how well your body manages glucose when you’re not actively digesting meals, and is commonly used to screen for or monitor metabolic health

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) reflects average blood glucose levels over roughly three months, as it measures how much sugar has bound to red blood cells. Since red blood cells have a lifespan of around 120 days, HbA1c provides a longer-term perspective than a single fasting glucose test.

Insulin is used to determine how well your body manages blood sugar. Increased levels of this biomarker also hint at insulin resistance, which is when cells don’t respond effectively to insulin.

Uric acid forms as a byproduct when the body breaks down purines, nitrogen-containing substances found in our cells and in specific foods.It arises from the metabolism of fructose from sugar as well as from purines derived from meat, fish, shellfish, and beer.

C-peptide is the short chain released when your pancreas makes insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps reduce blood glucose levels. This test helps differentiate insulin produced by the body from externally administered insulin, in Type 1 Diabetes patients.

HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a calculation that estimates insulin resistance using fasting insulin and fasting glucose levels. It provides an indication of how effectively the body uses insulin to regulate blood sugar. Higher HOMA-IR values suggest greater insulin resistance

Adiponectin is a hormone released by fat cells that enhances insulin sensitivity, improves fat metabolism and dampens inflammation.

Leptin is a hormone made by your body-fat cells. Think of it as a messenger that tells the brain how much energy you have stored. When fat stores are high, leptin rises and should signal “you’ve had enough, stop eating.” It also tells the body to burn more energy and helps regulate fertility, thyroid activity, and immune function.

Resistin is a small protein secreted mainly by immune cells in humans; it promotes inflammation and hinders insulin signalling.

Chloride is an essential electrolyte found in the blood, responsible for helping maintain acid-base balance, fluid balance, and proper nerve and muscle function. Alongside other electrolytes (like sodium and potassium), it plays a critical part in regulating the body’s overall water distribution and pH levels.

Creatinine is a waste product generated by muscle metabolism. Your kidneys filter creatinine from the blood and excrete it in urine. Because levels remain relatively stable in healthy individuals, measuring serum creatinine is a common way to evaluate kidney function. However, creatinine levels can be influenced by factors like diet and muscle mass, potentially leading to under- or overestimation of kidney function, especially in athletes and older adults with lower muscle mass. To achieve a more accurate assessment, Kyma Health combines creatinine measurements with cystatin C, a biomarker that reflects kidney function independently of lifestyle factors.

Cystatin C is a small protein produced at a steady rate by most cells in the body and filtered by the kidneys. Because it’s unaffected by factors such as diet or muscle mass, cystatin C offers a more accurate snapshot of kidney filtration than creatinine alone. When both cystatin C and creatinine measurements are used together, they give a fuller, more precise picture of overall kidney function.

eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) based on serum cystatin C is a population-based calculated measure of how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood.Cystatin C is a small protein produced at a steady rate by most cells in the body and filtered by the kidneys. Because it’s unaffected by factors such as diet or muscle mass, cystatin C offers a more accurate snapshot of kidney filtration than creatinine alone.

eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) based on serum creatinine is a population-based calculated measure of how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood.Creatinine is a waste product generated by muscle metabolism. Your kidneys filter creatinine from the blood and excrete it in urine.

Potassium is a key electrolyte vital for nerve signals, muscle contractions, and maintaining normal blood pressure. Along with sodium, calcium, and chloride, potassium helps maintain the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance.

Sodium is an essential electrolyte that works closely with potassium and other minerals to regulate fluid balance, nerve impulses, and muscle contractions. Most dietary sodium comes from salt (sodium chloride).

Urea is a waste product produced when the liver breaks down proteins. The kidneys normally filter urea out of the blood, so measuring its levels is a key indicator of kidney function. Elevated urea may suggest reduced kidney efficiency or dehydration.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) measures the nitrogen content in urea, one of the main waste products formed when your body breaks down proteins. BUN is therefore a common lab test that helps us understand how effectively the kidneys are functioning, as well as to check for factors like protein intake and hydration.

Phosphate is a mineral that works with calcium to enable bone health and help cells make energy (ATP).

The Urine Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (UACR) measures the amount of albumin (a type of protein) in your urine relative to the amount of creatinine. This ratio helps account for variations in urine concentration, providing a more accurate assessment of albumin excretion compared to albumin concentration alone.

The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) to Creatinine ratio compares the concentration of urea nitrogen (a byproduct of protein metabolism) to creatinine (a waste product from muscle activity). It is used assess kidney function, hydration status, and other factors related to the kidneys.

These are auto-antibodies your immune system makes when it mistakenly attacks tissue transglutaminase, an enzyme in the gut lining.

An enzyme found mainly in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and brain cells. It leaks into the blood when those tissues are damaged.

RF is an antibody that targets part of your own IgG antibodies. It shows up when the immune system is overactive.

Biological age reflects how one's body is aging at the cellular and molecular levels, which can determine the risk of age-related conditions like cardiovascular diseases and cognitive decline. Unlike calendar age (number of years lived), biological age is reversible and something one can optimize. It calculates mortality risk and phenotypic age based on various lab test results. While biological age on its own might seem like a vanity metric, when combined with 100+ lab tests, it offers a comprehensive benchmark for tracking and enhancing health and longevity.